For-Loops

Overview

Teaching: 15 min
Exercises: 15 min

Questions

• How can I make a program do many things?

Objectives

• Explain what for-loops are normally used for.

• Trace the execution of a simple (unnested) loop and correctly state the values of variables in each iteration.

• Write for-loops that use the Accumulator pattern to aggregate values.

A for-loop executes commands once for each value in a collection.

• Doing calculations on the values in a list one by one is as painful as working with pressure_001, pressure_002, etc.
• A for-loop tells Python to execute some statements once for each value in a list, a character string, or some other collection.
• “for each thing in this group, do these operations”

for number in [2, 3, 5]:
    print(number)

• This for-loop is equivalent to:

print(2)
print(3)
print(5)

• And the for-loop’s output is:

2
3
5

The first line of the for-loop must end with a colon, and the body must be indented.

• The colon at the end of the first line signals the start of a block of statements.
• Python uses indentation rather than {} or begin/end to show nesting.
  • Any consistent indentation is legal, but almost everyone uses four spaces.

for number in [2, 3, 5]:
print(number)

IndentationError: expected an indented block

• Indentation is always meaningful in Python.

firstName="Jon"
  lastName="Smith"

  File "<ipython-input-7-f65f2962bf9c>", line 2
    lastName="Smith"
    ^
IndentationError: unexpected indent

• This error can be fixed by removing the extra spaces at the beginning of the second line.

A `for’-loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable, and a body.

‘Collections’ are datatypes that can be iterated over, like a list or a string. Other common collections are called ‘dictionaries’ and ‘tuples’.

for number in [2, 3, 5]:
    print(number)

• The collection, [2, 3, 5], is what the loop is being run on.
• The body, print(number), specifies what to do for each value in the collection.
• The loop variable, number, is what changes for each iteration of the loop.
  • The “current thing”.

Loop variables can be called anything.

• As with all variables, loop variables are:
  • Created on demand.
  • Meaningless: their names can be anything at all.

for kitten in [2, 3, 5]:
    print(kitten)

The body of a loop can contain many statements.

• But no loop should be more than a few lines long.
• Hard for human beings to keep larger chunks of code in mind.

primes = [2, 3, 5]
for p in primes:
    squared = p ** 2
    cubed = p ** 3
    print(p, squared, cubed)

2 4 8
3 9 27
5 25 125

Use range to iterate over a sequence of numbers.

• The built-in function range produces a sequence of numbers.
  • Not a list: the numbers are produced on demand to make looping over large ranges more efficient.
• range(N) is the numbers 0..N-1
  • Exactly the legal indices of a list or character string of length N

print('a range is not a list: range(0, 3)')
for number in range(0,3):
    print(number)

a range is not a list: range(0, 3)
0
1
2

Use enumerate to keep track of the index value at each step in the loop

• The built-in function enumerate returns two values at each step of a loop

for indx, number in enumerate([1, 2, 3]):
    print("Index", indx, "=", number)

Index 0 = 1
Index 1 = 2
Index 2 = 3

The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.

• A common pattern in programs is to:
  1. Initialize an accumulator variable to zero, an empty string, or an empty list.
  2. Update the variable with values from a collection.

# Sum the first 10 integers.
total = 0
for number in range(10):
   total += (number + 1)
print(total)

45

• We add (number + 1) because range produces 0..9, not 1..10.
• The “plus-equals” += operator means “add the following to the current value of the variable”
  • Other basic operators work similarly: -=, *=, \=, etc.

Classifying Errors

Is an indentation error a syntax error or a runtime error?

Tracing Execution

Create a table showing the numbers of the lines that are executed when this program runs, and the values of the variables after each line is executed.

total = 0
for char in "tin":
    total = total + 1

Reversing a String

Fill in the blanks in the program below so that it prints “nit” (the reverse of the original character string “tin”).

original = "tin"
result = ____
for char in original:
    result = ____
print(result)

Practice Accumulating

Fill in the blanks in each of the programs below to produce the indicated result.

# Total length of the strings in the list: ["red", "green", "blue"] => 12
total = 0
for word in ["red", "green", "blue"]:
    ____ = ____ + len(word)
print(total)

# List of word lengths: ["red", "green", "blue"] => [3, 5, 4]
lengths = ____
for word in ["red", "green", "blue"]:
    lengths = lengths.____(____)
print(lengths)

# Concatenate all words: ["red", "green", "blue"] => "redgreenblue"
words = ["red", "green", "blue"]
result = ____
for ____ in ____:
    ____
print(result)

# Create acronym: ["red", "green", "blue"] => "RGB"
# write the whole thing

Cumulative Sum

Reorder and properly indent the lines of code below so that they print an array with the cumulative sum of data. The result should be [1, 3, 5, 10].

cumulative += [sum]
for number in data:
cumulative = []
sum += number
print(cumulative)
data = [1,2,2,5]

Identifying Variable Name Errors

1. Read the code below and try to identify what the errors are without running it.
2. Run the code and read the error message. What type of NameError do you think this is? Is it a string with no quotes, a misspelled variable, or a variable that should have been defined but was not?
3. Fix the error.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3, until you have fixed all the errors.

for number in range(10):
    # use a if the number is a multiple of 3, otherwise use b
    if (Number % 3) == 0:
        message = message + a
    else:
        message = message + "b"
print(message)

Identifying Item Errors

1. Read the code below and try to identify what the errors are without running it.
2. Run the code, and read the error message. What type of error is it?
3. Fix the error.

seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']
print('My favorite season is ', seasons[4])

Key Points

• A for-loop executes commands once for each value in a collection.

• The first line of the `for’-loop must end with a colon, and the body must be indented.

• Indentation is always meaningful in Python.

• A `for’-loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable, and a body.

• Loop variables can be called anything (but it is strongly advised to have a meaningful name to the looping variable).

• The body of a loop can contain many statements.

• Use range to iterate over a sequence of numbers.

• Use enumerate to keep track of index and values from a for-loop over a list

• The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.