Overview

Teaching: 15 min
Exercises: 15 min
Questions
  • How can I make a program do many things?

Objectives
  • Explain what for-loops are normally used for.

  • Trace the execution of a simple (unnested) loop and correctly state the values of variables in each iteration.

  • Write for-loops that use the Accumulator pattern to aggregate values.

A for-loop executes commands once for each value in a collection.

for number in [2, 3, 5]:
    print(number)
print(2)
print(3)
print(5)
2
3
5

The first line of the for-loop must end with a colon, and the body must be indented.

for number in [2, 3, 5]:
print(number)
IndentationError: expected an indented block
firstName="Jon"
  lastName="Smith"
  File "<ipython-input-7-f65f2962bf9c>", line 2
    lastName="Smith"
    ^
IndentationError: unexpected indent

A `for’-loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable, and a body.

‘Collections’ are datatypes that can be iterated over, like a list or a string. Other common collections are called ‘dictionaries’ and ‘tuples’.

for number in [2, 3, 5]:
    print(number)

Loop variables can be called anything.

for kitten in [2, 3, 5]:
    print(kitten)

The body of a loop can contain many statements.

primes = [2, 3, 5]
for p in primes:
    squared = p ** 2
    cubed = p ** 3
    print(p, squared, cubed)
2 4 8
3 9 27
5 25 125

Use range to iterate over a sequence of numbers.

print('a range is not a list: range(0, 3)')
for number in range(0,3):
    print(number)
a range is not a list: range(0, 3)
0
1
2

Use enumerate to keep track of the index value at each step in the loop

for indx, number in enumerate([1, 2, 3]):
    print("Index", indx, "=", number)
Index 0 = 1
Index 1 = 2
Index 2 = 3

The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.

# Sum the first 10 integers.
total = 0
for number in range(10):
   total += (number + 1)
print(total)
45

Classifying Errors

Is an indentation error a syntax error or a runtime error?

Tracing Execution

Create a table showing the numbers of the lines that are executed when this program runs, and the values of the variables after each line is executed.

total = 0
for char in "tin":
    total = total + 1

Reversing a String

Fill in the blanks in the program below so that it prints “nit” (the reverse of the original character string “tin”).

original = "tin"
result = ____
for char in original:
    result = ____
print(result)

Practice Accumulating

Fill in the blanks in each of the programs below to produce the indicated result.

# Total length of the strings in the list: ["red", "green", "blue"] => 12
total = 0
for word in ["red", "green", "blue"]:
    ____ = ____ + len(word)
print(total)
# List of word lengths: ["red", "green", "blue"] => [3, 5, 4]
lengths = ____
for word in ["red", "green", "blue"]:
    lengths = lengths.____(____)
print(lengths)
# Concatenate all words: ["red", "green", "blue"] => "redgreenblue"
words = ["red", "green", "blue"]
result = ____
for ____ in ____:
    ____
print(result)
# Create acronym: ["red", "green", "blue"] => "RGB"
# write the whole thing

Cumulative Sum

Reorder and properly indent the lines of code below so that they print an array with the cumulative sum of data. The result should be [1, 3, 5, 10].

cumulative += [sum]
for number in data:
cumulative = []
sum += number
print(cumulative)
data = [1,2,2,5]

Identifying Variable Name Errors

  1. Read the code below and try to identify what the errors are without running it.
  2. Run the code and read the error message. What type of NameError do you think this is? Is it a string with no quotes, a misspelled variable, or a variable that should have been defined but was not?
  3. Fix the error.
  4. Repeat steps 2 and 3, until you have fixed all the errors.
for number in range(10):
    # use a if the number is a multiple of 3, otherwise use b
    if (Number % 3) == 0:
        message = message + a
    else:
        message = message + "b"
print(message)

Identifying Item Errors

  1. Read the code below and try to identify what the errors are without running it.
  2. Run the code, and read the error message. What type of error is it?
  3. Fix the error.
seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']
print('My favorite season is ', seasons[4])

Key Points